Abstract
Prolonged exposure to urban environments over decades or even centuries has resulted in the accumulation of significant concentrations of pollutants on the surfaces of historic buildings. This research focuses on heavy metals, particularly lead (Pb), which are primary pollutants contributing to the degradation of materials as well as environmental and health risks. The study investigates the mechanisms by which these metals are trapped within weathering crusts on stone surfaces, examining their potential for remobilization under changing environmental conditions. Advanced microscale analytical techniques are utilized to characterize the chemical and morphological properties of these crusts, identifying specific mineral phases responsible for the sequestration of heavy metals. This microscale approach offers a more nuanced understanding of pollutant-mineral interactions than traditional bulk analysis. Laboratory simulations, including pH-dependent leaching and selective extraction tests, replicate environmental conditions to trace pathways of metal redistribution and identify triggers for pollutant release. The findings contribute to the development of a predictive model for future pollutant behavior, providing strategies to mitigate public health risks while preserving historic buildings. This research integrates heritage conservation within broader frameworks of environmental resilience, supporting global sustainability goals.
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