One Health, One Toxicology: The case of endocrine disruptors and microplastics

One Health recognizes that human, animal, and environmental health are inseparably linked, sharing common exposures, biological mechanisms, and vulnerabilities. In line with this concept, toxicology can be viewed as a single, integrated discipline in which chemical stressors affect ecosystems and human populations through shared molecular pathways. Environmental pollution not only threatens biodiversity but also has long-term consequences for human health, underscoring the need for mechanistic and predictive approaches to chemical risk assessment within a One Health framework.

This presentation integrates advances in endocrine disruption research with emerging concerns related to micro- and nanoplastics, illustrating how complex chemical mixtures challenge traditional toxicological and regulatory paradigms. Building on more than 25 years of endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) research and European policy development, it highlights gaps in the identification of non-classical endocrine modalities beyond estrogen, androgen, thyroid, and steroidogenesis pathways. Particular emphasis is placed on metabolism-disrupting chemicals, which interfere with energy balance and are linked to obesity, diabetes, and liver disease in humans and wildlife.

To address these challenges, multiple new approach methodologies have been developed, including in vitro and in silico assays targeting key metabolic pathways such as PPAR signaling, adipogenesis, and pancreatic β-cell function. These methods support integrated testing and assessment strategies and contribute to a transition toward animal-free, mechanism-based toxicology. In parallel, evidence is presented on exposure to micro- and nanoplastics, including placental uptake and endocrine-relevant effects of both particles and associated additives.

Advancing chemical safety in the 21st century requires strengthening connections across disciplines, species, and regulatory domains. A One Health approach to mechanistic toxicology is essential to protect current and future generations in an increasingly polluted world.